問題詳情

III. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answer. 40 points【單選題】每題 2 分，共 20 題，答錯 1 題倒扣 0.5 分，倒扣至本大題零分為止，未作答，不給分亦不扣分。Passage 1 (Questions 41-45):We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of loweranimals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gavemild electric shocks to 24 rats.Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while theother half could not.The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itselfand its helpless partner from the shock.Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in thehelpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity.What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of controlover an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree, Jay Welss, a psychologistat Duke University School of Medicine has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't developsleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats.But if the animals are confronted with situations theyhave no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforcepsychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most starting examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin bysimultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems causedstomach upsets.Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order toextinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and wasastonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died.He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immunesystems enough to kill them.
41. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of these rats who could turn off the electricity _______.
(A) was strengthened
(B) was not affected
(C) was altered
(D) was weakened
(E) was created

參考答案

答案：B
難度：適中0.615385
統計：A(0),B(8),C(0),D(3),E(1)

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