問題詳情


(C)The term governmentality is a combination of the words govern and mentality, and isfrequently defined as the “art of government” or governing. It is a concept studied in socialsciences, a social theory credited to Michel Foucault, a philosopher from France. It includes thepractices of governments and their effects on the people who are governed. Governmentalityshould not be confused with the simple act of governing however, at least not in a strict sense,because it also includes the way people govern or conduct themselves, as well as how thesetwo issues are intertwined. Foucault coined the term governmentality and continued to expand upon it throughout thelast decade of his life. He died in 1984. It was in lectures during the late 1970s and early 1980sthat he established his theory of governmentality as a basis for determining the theme of agiven society’s practices of governance and the personal governance of its citizenry and theinteraction of the two.Foucault gave a lecture in the late 1970s that bore the title “governmentality” orgouvernementalité, in French. Related works created a stir and the concept grew more popularthroughout academia. The translated text of the lecture as well as several other written worksby Foucault and other scholars and an interview with Foucault were contained in the book TheFoucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality edited by Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, andPeter Miller.There are several terms useful in helping to define further the concept of governmentality.Technologies of power, technologies of self, and technologies of the market are the main pointsof interest. Technologies of power are the resources used to help develop good behavior withthe idea of creating positive attitudes and attributes while attempting to avoid negative ones.Technologies of self revolve around the capacity of individuals to control and thereforegovern themselves. This means restricting their own negative behaviors while promotingpositive behaviors because of personal and societal benefits rather than the rule of law.Included in the technologies of self are responsibilization, healthism, normalization, andself-esteem. Responsibilization indicates personal responsibility, and healthism is anotheraspect of it, in that people are expected to live healthfully. Both of these are for personal andsocietal benefits and without dependence on government. Normalization, in its simplest sense,means living according to established norms. Self-esteem means self-empowerment, but this isbased on an earned respect of self through continual self-evaluation, personal discipline, andself-improvement.The concept of the technologies of the market is described as being “governed” intobuying things both wanted and needed due to psychological manipulation and personal identitybased on the types of items people purchase. Clearly, each of the technologies represented inthe concept of governmentality can work together or even overlap at times, helping to establishthe roles of both the government and the governed in a particular society.
76. Which of the following is LEAST likely the target readers of the passage?
(A) Sociologists.
(B) Marketing managers.
(C) Technology specialists.
(D) Political science majors.

參考答案

答案：C
難度：簡單0.782609
統計：A(1),B(6),C(36),D(3),E(0)

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