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三、文意選填(20 題，共 20 分) (1)5d09a9b8816f9.jpg     New method of detecting forgeries uses minuscule canvas fibers and paint samples to exposepurportedly historic works of art as modern creations. The technique, catalogued in the Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, dates would-be masterpieces by measuring traces of carbon-14isotopes released into the atmosphere by mid-20th century nuclear bomb testing. Objects made after1963 hold significantly higher levels of the unstable isotope, allowing researchers to 31between pre- and post-World War II paintings.     This isn’t the first time scientists have turned to radiocarbon dating in an attempt to 32forgers. The idea of dating art by assessing the organic matter used to bind paint pigments was firstfloated as early as 1972; previous case studies include a 2015 investigation that 33 theprovenance of a supposed Fernand Léger canvas owned by American art collector Peggy Guggenheim.   Still, the approach has its drawbacks. According to artnet News’ Taylor Dafoe, 34forgers recycle antique canvases and even paint, making it difficult to determine if a painting is originalor simply artfully doctored. At the same time, the Economist notes, radiocarbon testing is so destructivethat a sample can rarely be analyzed twice. Typically, the process also requires a “sufficiently” sizedsample: Given the possibility that a suspected forgery may actually be a 35 masterpiece,investigators are often reluctant to remove significant amounts of paint. Fragments of a wooden frameor pieces 36 from the edge of a canvas, on the other hand, “might be considered an acceptableloss.”   The new research, led by Laura Hendriks of Switzerland’s ETH Zurich, draws on the latesttechnological advances to reduce the size of samples needed for testing. Working with a known forgerydating to the 1980s, the team 37 hairlike strands of canvas fiber measuring just a fewmillimeters long and a paint particle weighing less than 200 micrograms.    Although the painting—titled Village Scene with Horse and Honn & Company Factory—mimics the American primitive folk art style and is signed “Sarah Honn May 5, 1866 A.D,” it’s actuallythe work of convicted forger Robert Trotter. As Treasures on Trial, an online 38 run byDelaware’s Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library, notes, Trotter stripped, repainted and artificiallyaged worthless old paintings, as well as created lengthy 39 reports that seemingly testified tothe works’ authenticity. Ultimately, he admitted to selling 52 falsified paintings and served 10 monthsin prison. Following Trotter’s conviction, Buffalo State College’s Art Conservation Departmentacquired the “Sarah Honn” canvas, which has been studied to better understand forgery methods.    Crucially, carbon-14 isotopes, spurred by ocean absorption and 40 by fossil fuelemissions, are on track to return to pre-war levels. This could lead to inconclusive results further downthe road, making it essential to use radiocarbon dating in conjunction with other techniques.
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