21-25: Choose the BEST answer for each blank in the passage.According to Wagner and Torgesen (1987), sound plays a 21 role in the reading process.Readers do not simply rely on the orthographic (spelling) information while making sense of print.Three kinds of phonological events are actively involved in the reading process: (1) phonologicalawareness, (2) phonological recoding, and (3) phonetic recoding. To begin with, phonologicalawareness, in a general sense, refers to one’s awareness of and access to the sound structure of alanguage, ranging from syllables to phonemes. It is important to note that the 22 to acquire andutilize full-fledged phonological awareness at the phonemic level does not develop naturally andrequires explicit learning. In contrast, phonological awareness at the syllabic level appears to be anatural cognitive achievement that can develop 23 . The second type of phonological event thatmay take place in reading is phonological recoding. While performing phonological recoding, readerstranslate written scripts into corresponding underlying phonological forms; the inner voice that we“hear” in our mind when reading a dense or formal text is an 24 of this phenomenon. The thirdtype of phonological event in reading is phonetic recoding, which refers to the process of convertingwritten words into actual articulatory forms in running speech. Phonetic recoding enables words tobe maintained efficiently in working memory for later, high-order 25 .
21.
(A) pivotal
(B) malicious
(C) contagious
(D) exposed
(E) cursory