問題詳情

Question 40-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person maybecome recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family,traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases,line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although(5) there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formallythrough election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decadesof research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “naturalleaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common;(10) rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities thatmeet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held bydifferent individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion(15) of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things”done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes thecollective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concernedwith the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to groupmembers and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members(20) expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and providesupport to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment ofthe group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to(25) others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or issubjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor ,and try toresolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two rolessuggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a motedistant respect.
41.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The problems faced by leaders
(B) How leadership differs in small andlarge groups
(C) How social groups determine who willlead them
(D) The role of leaders in social groups

參考答案

答案：D
難度：適中0.666667
統計：A(0),B(1),C(1),D(4),E(0)

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