第二篇：In the 1950s, women were expected to stay at home, and those who wanted to work were often stigmatized.Today it’s mostly the other way round, setting women against one another along the fault lines of conviction,economic class and need, and, often, ethnicity. 
Across the developed world, women who stay home are increasingly seen as old-fashioned and an economicburden to society. If their husbands are rich, they are frequently criticized for being lazy; if they are immigrants, forkeeping children from learning the language and ways of their host country. Their daily chores of cleaning, cookingor raising their children have always been ignored by national accounts (If a man marries his housekeeper and stopspaying her for her work, G.D.P. goes down. If a woman stops nursing and buys formula for her baby, G.D.P. goes up.).In a debate that counts women catching up with men in education and the labor market in terms of raisingproductivity and economic growth, stay-at-home moms are valued less than ever. This is so despite the fact that fromNorway to the United States, economists put the value of their unpaid work ahead of that of the manufacturing sector.
 In countries where mothers still struggle to combine career with family and quit work less out of conviction thanout of necessity, they are often doubly punished. In Germany, the biggest economy in Europe, most schools stillfinish at lunchtime, and full-time nurseries for children under 3 are scarce. Yet in this generation of young mothersyou are more likely to find women saying they are on extended maternity leave or between jobs than admitting theyare housewives. Only among the wealthy is it seen as class status when the highly educated mother takes children toChinese or violin lessons.
 “It’s hard to find a balance between not romanticizing and not stigmatizing housewives,” said a professor ofeconomics at the University of Massachusetts. “Even though a number of women still stay at home, a cultural shifthas put them on the defensive.”
56. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) Attitudes toward housewives in countries across Europe
(B) The development of women’s rights movement over the past sixty years
(C) Under appreciation of housewives in many developed countries
(D) How rich people differ from ordinary people