請依下文回答第 36 題至第 40 題： One of the biggest ideas to hit the political world in recent years is that politics is increasinglydefined by the division between open and closed, rather than left and right. Openness means support forboth economic openness (welcoming immigration and free trade) and the cultural sort (embracing ethnicand sexual minorities). Closedness means the opposite. The most obvious problem with the open-closed theory is that the divide is so slippery. Few peoplesupport entirely open societies—it would be unreasonable to allow Ebola victims to cross bordersunimpeded. By the same token, few people advocate becoming a hermit kingdom like North Korea.Nor are open and closed necessarily opposites. Having a strong border can make people more open, bygiving them a sense that they can manage openness. Historically, most of the world’s great centers ofcommerce have been walled cities. Constantinople, the crossroads between east and west, boasted notjust a formidable wall but an outer and inner harbor.There is a better explanation of political polarization than the open-closed split. It is the gap betweenexam-passers and exam-flunkers. Qualifications grant access to a world that is protected from thedownside of globalization. You can get a job with a superstar company that has constructed moats anddrawbridges to protect itself, or with a middle-class guild that provides job security, or with the statebureaucracy. Failing exams casts you down into an unpredictable world of cut-throat competition. Exam-passers combine a common ability to manage the downside of globalization with a commonoutlook that binds them together and legitimizes their disdain for rival tribes. Exam-flunkers,meanwhile, are united by anger at the elitists who claim to be open as long as their jobs are protected.They are increasingly willing to bring the system crashing down. Talking about open v closed is adouble error. It obscures the deeper forces dividing the world, and spares winners by playing down thelegitimate concerns of losers.
36 What is the main purpose of this passage?
(A)To argue against the open-closed theory and offer a better explanation.
(B)To show evidence that open and closed are not necessarily opposites.
(C)To criticize the division between left and right that defines politics.
(D)To make evident that political polarization is not a new phenomenon.