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        Up until the eve of the COVID-19 crisis, the prevailing narrative about Asian Americans was one ofthe model minority. The model minority concept, developed during and after World War II,  21  that Asian Americans were the ideal immigrants of color to the United States as a consequence of theireconomic success.         Yet, in the US, Asian Americans have long been referred to as a threat to a nation that promoted awhites-only immigration policy. They were called “yellow  22  ”: unfit for citizenship in the US. Inthe late 19th century, white nativists circulated  23  propaganda about Chinese uncleanliness inSan Francisco. This fueled the passage of the notorious Chinese Exclusion Act, the first law in the UnitedStates that prohibited immigration solely based on race. Initially, the act placed a 10-year  24  onall Chinese migration.         On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 to  25  people under suspicion of being enemies to inland internment camps. The vast majority of thoseimprisoned in 1942 were naturalized citizens, second-and third-generation Japanese Americans. Interneesfighting in the celebrated 442nd Regiment were  26   by the United States military to prove theirfidelity to a nation that locked them up simply for their ethnicity.         In the 21st century, even the most “multicultural” North American cities, like Los Angeles or NewYork, are hotbeds of malicious racism. During the 2003 SARS outbreak, both of the cities witnessed a(n)  27   of anti-Asian racism. In her 2008 research, sociologist Carrianne Leung highlighted the everydayracism against Asian American health care workers in the years that followed the SARS crisis. Whilepublicly celebrated for their contributions, these Americans of Asian  28   still found themselvesfearing for their lives on their way home. No expression of patriotism—not even being front-line workersin a pandemic—renders Asian migrants immune to racism. 
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21. 

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