VI. 試題評鑑 15% (將文章改寫成 100 字以內適合高三生的 5 題克漏字，要含選項)Confronting a bully can be difficult, online or off. But a new study may suggest analternative: Bystanders might be more willing to step in to help, its author says, if they’re ableto do so without standing up to the bully directly.For their study, Kelly P. Dillon, a graduate student in communication at Ohio StateUniversity, and Brad J. Bushman told 241 undergraduates they would be testing an online chatprogram. But during the “test,” the person supposedly charged with monitoring the chat beganinsulting one of the participants (who was actually a member of the research team). Only 10.4percent of subjects directly intervened to address the insults — by, for instance, asking the chatmonitor, ‘‘How are you being helpful at all right now?” A total of 68 percent, however,intervened indirectly, by giving the monitor or the chat program itself a bad evaluation.“So many anti-bullying and anti-harassment intervention programs are ‘if you seesomething, say something,’ and this experimental data tells us that that’s a pretty highthreshold,” Ms. Dillon explained. “There are so many other ways that people can intervene.”She mentioned that the messaging app Yik Yak allows users to “down-vote” posts (that is, toexpress their disapproval by clicking a “down” arrow). After five down-votes, the post isremoved — all without anyone having to say anything to an offensive poster directly. “My datasuggests the more indirect ways you can give people to intervene, the more likely it would befor them to intervene.”People may be afraid of judging others directly online because it may impact their ownreputation, said Mihaela van der Schaar, a professor of electrical engineering at U.C.L.A. whohas studied reputation on social networks. And they may prefer to express disapproval for aparticular behavior, rather than for a person. “If there is the opportunity to differentiate betweenrating the particular behavior” and rating the user, “that may help,” said Dr. van der Schaar.Dr. van der Schaar noted that social networking companies may not necessarily want toinstitute systems for rating and regulating behavior — their business models may depend onhigh numbers of users, and they may have no reason to ensure those users behave well. Butcompanies that do want a rating system to prevent bad behavior should build one that allows“for differentiating ratings of different types of behaviors, rather than just one value for theentire individual.” And, she said, the goal should be to “encourage free speech yet give theopportunity to people to sanction a particular behavior without being afraid that they themselvesmay be negatively impacted.”Indirect intervention could also be valuable in school settings, said Jaana Juvonen, apsychology professor at U.C.L.A. who has studied bullying. Often, “kids don’t want to getinvolved in these situations,” she said. “Deep inside they feel for the victim or the target, butthere is not enough of an impetus” to do something.~ 5 ~國立臺中第二高級中學 104 學年度第一次教師甄選 英文科試題請填寫准考證號碼 ________________But students who don’t want to confront a bully may still be able to help the target ofbullying. Research shows that having just one friend can mitigate the ill effects of bullying, Dr.Juvonen said. No one is exactly sure why this is, she added, but “I personally suspect that it’sthe small things.” During an incident of bullying, “the friend may not do anything right then andthere, but when they walk away from that situation the friend just sort of puts their hand on theshoulder of the target.”It may be helpful to teach kids, she said, “how the smallest acts of kindness, somethingthat they may think is totally trivial, may go a long way.”People are sometimes reluctant to intervene when they see someone being bullied becauseof “a misperception of what the norm is,” she added. “When nobody says and does anythingpublicly,” she explained, we’re led to believe that everyone’s on the side of the bully “andnobody’s feeling for the victim.”